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Cel shading or toon shading is a type of non-photorealistic rendering designed to make 3D computer graphics appear to be flat by using less shading color instead of a or tints and shades. A cel is often used to mimic the style of a or and/or give the render a characteristic paper-like texture. There are similar techniques that can make an image look like a sketch, an or an . The name comes from (short for ), clear sheets of which are painted on for use in traditional 2D animation.

Basic process
The cel-shading process starts with a typical 3D model. Where cel-shading differs from conventional rendering is in its non-photorealistic . Conventional smooth lighting values are calculated for each pixel and then quantized to a small number of discrete shades to create the characteristic "flat look", where the shadows and highlights appear as blocks of color rather than being smoothly mixed in a gradient.

Outlines
Wireframe method
Black ink and can be created using a variety of methods. One popular method is to first render a black outline, slightly larger than the object itself. Back-face culling is inverted and the back-facing triangles are drawn in black. To dilate the , these back-faces may be drawn in wireframe multiple times with slight changes in translation. Alternatively, back-faces may be rendered solid-filled, with their vertices translated along their in a . After drawing the outline, back-face culling is set back to normal to draw the shading and optional textures of the object. Finally, the image is via , as the back-faces always lie deeper in the scene than the front-faces. The result is that the object is drawn with a black outline and interior contour lines. The term "cel-shading" is popularly used to refer to the application of this "ink" outlining process in animation and games, although originally the term referred to the flat shading technique regardless of whether the outline was applied.

The rendered using cel shading:

  1. The back faces are drawn with thick lines
  2. The object faces are drawn using a single color
  3. Shading is applied

Steps 2 and 3 can be combined using (part of texture mapping).

Edge-detection method
In video games
The title Jet Set Radio, which was revealed at the 1999 Tokyo Game Show, drew media attention for its cel-shaded style. It used cel-shading for its characters and its vibrant visual style has had a lasting influence on the use of cel-shading in video games. Since the early 2000s, many notable video games have made use of this style, such as (2001), (2002) and Ōkami (2006).

Cel shading, in contrast to other visual styles such as photorealism, is often used to lend a more artistic or fantastical element to a video game's environment. In developing Ōkami, director described his vision for the game's graphics: "I wanted to create a game with the natural beauty of the Japanese countryside... to make a world that was glistening and beautiful." Producer Atsushi Inaba recalls in a 2004 interview that Clover Studios had "abandoned the realistic style" for Ōkami as they became inspired by traditional Japanese art.

Game studios might choose a style such as cel shading in their development for reasons beyond artistic vision. Cel shaded graphics are usually simple in visual information, which can be useful in some applications. In the case of The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker, developer Satoru Takizawa states that using this style allowed to "represent the mechanisms and objects for puzzles in in a more easy-to-understand way." Takizawa also argues that photorealistic graphics, in contrast, would have "had the adverse effect of making information difficult to represent game-wise."

Lists of cel-shaded media
Film
  • The Great Mouse Detective, a 1986 American animated film based on "Basil of Baker Street" by and .
  • Technological Threat, a 1988 American animated short made by Brian Jennings and Bill Kroyer and was produced by Kroyer Films.
  • , a 1990 American animated adventure fantasy film based on the animated television series DuckTales.
  • , a 1992 American based on the characters Tom and Jerry created by and .
  • Felidae, a 1994 German adult animated mystery film directed by Michael Schaack, written by Martin Kluger, Stefaan Schieder and Akif Pirinçci, and based on Pirinçci's 1989 novel of the same name.
  • The Rugrats Movie (1998)
  • Tarzan, a 1999 American animated adventure film based on the 1912 story "Tarzan of the Apes" by Edgar Rice Burroughs.
  • The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (2000)
  • Help! I'm a Fish, a 2000 Danish-German-Irish traditionally animated science fantasy musical film.
  • (2000)
  • , a 2000 American direct-to-video drama and the seventh film in The Land Before Time series, produced and directed by Charles Grosvenor.
  • The Little Polar Bear, a 2001 German animated film based on Hans de Beer books.
  • , a 2002 American animated Western film.
  • Lilo & Stitch, a 2002 American animated science-fiction comedy-drama film.
  • a 2002 American animated science-fiction adventure film.
  • Rugrats Go Wild (2003)
  • Stitch! The Movie, a 2003 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy film
  • , a 2003 American animated musical fantasy comedy-drama film.
  • , a 2003 animated direct-to-video film.
  • Appleseed, a 2004 Japanese animated film.
  • , a 2004 American based on the of the 1844 novel The Three Musketeers by and the Mickey Mouse film series by and .
  • , a 2005 American direct-to-video animated science fiction comedy-drama film produced by the Australian office of Disneytoon Studios.
  • , a 2005 American animated comedy film.
  • Leroy & Stitch, a 2006 American animated science fiction comedy television film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation.
  • Disney DVD Game World: Disney Dogs Edition (2006)
  • The Simpsons Movie, a 2007 American animated based on the Fox animated sitcom by .
  • Garfield Gets Real (also known as Garfield 3D in some regions), a 2007 American based on the comic strip .
  • Chocolate, a 2008 Thai martial arts film starring Yanin "Jeeja" Vismistananda in her debut film performance. It is directed by , with choreography by . It also stars Hiroshi Abe and Pongpat Wachirabunjong.
  • , a 2012 American black-and-white computer-cel animated short film.
  • (2012)
  • Khail Girban's The Prophet, a 2014 computer cel animated film.
  • Feast, a 2014 American 2D/3D hybrid animated romantic comedy short film.
  • The Peanuts Movie (2015)
  • , a 2017 crime short film that became the basis for the comic book for the same name produced by Run.
  • (2018)
  • Tom & Jerry (2021)
  • The Bad Guys (2022)
  • (2022)
  • (2023)
  • Nimona (2023)
  • Once Upon a Studio, a 2023 American live-action/animated fantasy comedy crossover short film.
  • Wish, a 2023 American animated musical film.
  • , a 2024 American animated science fiction musical comedy film directed by Anna O'Brian and based on the animated television series Big City Greens, created by The Houghton Brothers.
  • Dog Man (2025)
  • Smurfs (2025)
  • The Bad Guys 2 (2025)
  • The Cat in the Hat (2026)
  • Coyote vs. Acme (2026)

Television
  • - an American animated television series first aired in 1990 as a preview on and later that year as part of The Disney Afternoon.
  • - a 1996 American animated television series.
  • The Angry Beavers - a 1997 American animated comedy series produced for .
  • - a 1999 American animated created by for the Fox Broadcasting Company.
  • - a 1999 American animated science fiction created by for the Fox Broadcasting Company and later revived by , and then .
  • The Fairly OddParents! - a 2001 American animated comedy series created by for .
  • - a 2001 American animated science fiction horror comedy series created by for .
  • Molly, Star-Racer - a 2001 French television pilot produced by Sparx Animation Studios
  • - a 2001 British children's television series that aired on and was broadcast from 3 September 2001 to 14 December 2008. It was produced by The Foundation.
  • - a 2003 Canadian-American television series produced by Mainframe Studios, Marvel Enterprises, Adelaide Productions, and Sony Pictures Television
  • Boo! - a 2003 British television series produced by
  • Duck Dodgers - a 2003 American animated science fiction comedy series produced by Warner Bros. Television Animation.
  • - a 2003 American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation
  • - a 2004 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
  • American Dad! - a 2005 American animated co-created by for the Fox Broadcasting Company.
  • - a 2006 American-Canadian children's television series produced by
  • - a 2006 South Korean-Canadian magical girl television series produced by Enemes, SBS, , , and SOVIK
  • Chowder - a 2007 American animated series created by C.H. Greenblatt for .
  • The Land Before Time - a 2007 American animated television series, based on The Land Before Time film series created by Judy Freudberg and Tony Geiss
  • Phineas & Ferb - a 2007 American animated series created by and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh for , , and eventually Disney+.
  • - a 2007 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
  • League of Super Evil - a 2009 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
  • - a 2009 French television series produced by , France 2, and Telegael
  • - a 2009 French-American television series produced by
  • Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 - a 2009 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment and Nelvana
  • - a 2010 American animated series created by J.G. Quintel for .
  • Rated A for Awesome - a 2011 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
  • - a 2012 Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment
  • - a 2013 American-Canadian television series produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment,
  • Sofia the First - a 2013 American animated fantasy children's television.
  • Last Week Tonight with John Oliver - a 2014 American late-night talk and news satire television series produced by - Episode 7: Immigration Reform
  • Alvinnn!!! and the Chipmunks - a French-American animated musical comedy television series created by . Produced by Bagdasarian Productions and Technicolor Animation Productions (formerly known as OuiDo! Productions in season 1) with the participation of M6, it features Alvin and the Chipmunks and and marks their first television appearance together since 1990. First announced by Bagdasarian Productions in 2010, a promotional trailer for the series was posted on . Animation and half of the show's storyboards are handled by Technicolor Productions in France, while Bagdasarian Productions in the U.S. is in charge of voice recording and music production. The series is primarily distributed by PGS Entertainment, a French brand management company. It premiered on M6 on March 30, 2015. In August 2015, Nickelodeon acquired the American broadcast rights to the series. It also airs in Teletoon and Family Channel in Canada.
  • - a 2016 Italian television series produced by Rainbow S.p.A.
  • Disenchantment - a 2018 American sitcom created by for .
  • Star Wars Resistance - a 2018 American television series produced by Lucasfilm Animation
  • Love, Death & Robots - a 2019 American series produced by for Netflix
  • - a 2020 American sitcom created by J.G. Quintel for HBO Max.
  • What If...? - a 2021 alternate history television series set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
  • Arcane - a 2021 action-adventure television series created by Christian Linke and Alex Yee. It was produced by the French studio
  • - a 2022 sitcom co-created by Michael Cusack and for .
  • Your Friendly Neighborhood Spider-Man - a 2025 American animated television series created by Jeff Trammell for the streaming service Disney+, based on the character .

Video games
See also

External links

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